ACADEMIC TOPICS

church and state

Church and State is defined as a legal doctrine that provides for the separation of the State from religion in the United States. The doctrine is derived from the landmark US Supreme Court case Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1. In...

churn

Churn, in the context of stock trading, means making numerous risky and excessive transactions to generate high commissions against the customer's character of account and objectives by a broker.

See: Churning

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churning

Churning is an unethical business practice by some stock brokers which occurs when a broker, exercising control over the volume and frequency of trades, abuses their customer’s confidence for personal gain by initiating transactions that are...

CIF

CIF is an abbreviation used for Cost, Insurance and Freight. CIF is an agreement in which the seller's quoted price includes insurance and all other costs up to a designated port of destination. The term is used in the context of maritime...

cigar

For the purposes of taxation and FDA regulation, “cigar” means “any roll of tobacco wrapped in leaf tobacco or in any substance containing tobacco” unless, “because of its appearance, the type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging...

cigarette

For the purposes of taxation and FDA regulation, a cigarette is defined in 26 U.S. Code § 5702 as

“any roll of tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance not containing tobacco, and any roll of tobacco wrapped in any...

circuit riding

Circuit riding is the act undertaken by judges, who would often travel between towns within a judicial district (previously known as a circuit) to hear cases in each town. Now, this practice has largely been discontinued.

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citation

Citation has two common definitions in a legal context:

A citation is a reference to a source that supports a statement or is otherwise related to it. In legal documents, the source may be a primary legal authority (such as a...

citation sentence

A citation sentence is a sentence consisting entirely of one or more citations. A citation sentence is used to cite sources and legal authorities that refer to the entire preceding sentence. Citation sentences always begin with a capital...

cite

To cite means to make reference to an authority in a citation. In a legal context, a citation is also used to order someone to appear before a court.

[Last updated in July of 2022 by the Wex Definitions Team]

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